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Not Another Teen Movie

Theatrical release poster

Directed by

Joel Gallen

Produced by

Neal H. Moritz

Written by

Mike BenderAdam Jay EpsteinAndrew JacobsonPhil BeaumanBuddy Johnson

Starring

Chris EvansJaime PresslyChyler LeighEric Christian OlsenEric JungmannMia KirshnerDeon RichmondCody McMainsSam HuntingtonSamm LevineCerina VincentRon LesterLacey ChabertRiley Smith

Music by

Theodore Shapiro

Distributed by

Columbia PicturesOriginal Film

Release date(s)

December 14, 2001

Running time

Theatrical cut89 min.Unrated cut100 min.

Country

United States

Language

English

Budget

$15 million

Gross revenue

$66,468,332

IMDb ? Allmovie

Not Another Teen Movie is a 2001 comedy film released on December 14, 2001 by Columbia Pictures. It is a parody of the teen movies and other cinematic portrayals of adolescence which have accumulated in Hollywood over the last few decades. While the general plot is based on She’s All That and 10 Things I Hate About You, the film is also filled with allusions to numerous other films.

Contents

1 Plot

2 List of movies used (no order)

3 Cast of characters

3.1 Cameos

4 Extra footage

4.1 Alternate footage

4.2 Footage during credits

5 DVD release

6 Soundtrack listing

6.1 Songs on soundtrack

6.2 Songs not on soundtrack

7 See also

8 External links

//


Plot

In the stereotypical high school community of John Hughes High sexy Priscilla (Jaime Pressly), a popular cheerleader, separates from her boyfriend, Jake Wyler (Chris Evans). After Jake discovers that Priscilla is now dating strange and socially inept Les (Riley Smith) just to spite him, one of Jake friends, Austin (Eric Christian Olsen), suggests seeking retribution by making Janey Briggs (Chyler Leigh), a “uniquely rebellious girl”, the prom queen. Jake attempts to court Janey’s love, but faces adversity from his own sister Catherine (Mia Kirshner), who is sexually attracted to him, Janey unnoticed admirer and best friend Ricky (Eric Jungmann), and memories from his past football career. Catherine eventually helps her brother by slightly altering Janey appearance (taking away her glasses and ponytail), ultimately making her more attractive to the other characters.

Meanwhile Janey’s little brother Mitch and his friends Ox and Bruce make a pact to lose their virginity by Graduation even though they are still in Freshmen year. Mitch tries to impress his long time crush, the beautiful Amanda Becker (Lacey Chabert) with a letter professing his love for her. Ox says that he doesn’t have a chance with her.

As the prom draws near, Jake draws infamy among his peers after he fails to lead his football team to victory at the state championship game the year before. The situation is further worsened when Austin tricks Jake into telling Janey about his plan to spite Priscilla by pretending to whisper the secret bet in Janey’s ear, causing her to immediately leave Jake. During prom night, Austin and Janey go together, jealous Jake and Catherine have a dance off with Austin and Janey. With Catherine dancing in a sexual manner with Jake. Janey runs off crying.

Meanwhile Mitch and his friends are having a lousy time at the prom until Amanda Becker arrives and Mitch gives her the letter and Ox later hooks up with Catherine.

Jake is awarded prom king and the principal reads out that the votes for prom queen are tied. Everyone thinks that it is between Janey and Priscilla, but they are shocked to find that Kara and Sara Fratelli (Samaire Armstrong and Nectar Rose), twins conjoined at the head, win prom queen. During the traditional prom king and queen dance, Janey supposedly left with Austin to go to a hotel. But while at the room he finds Austin having wild sex with a girl but is shocked to find that it is Priscilla not Janey while the weird Les videotapes with his pants down supposedly having an erection, Austin tells Jake that Janey “went crying home to her daddy”. Jake angrily punches Austin and Priscilla for what they had done to Janey, then punches Les for “being weird”; afterwards he runs to Janey’s house only to learn from her father that she is going to Paris for art school.

Jake arrives at the airport and confronts her before she can board the plane, and uses a plethora of clich lines from other movies (such as She’s All That, Cruel Intentions, American Pie, The Breakfast Club, and Pretty in Pink) to convince her to stay in America. His final (and first original) speech suggests they would be better off apart, but Janey mistakenly believes he’s quoting The Karate Kid, and she decides to stay with him.

List of movies used (no order)

Ferris Bueller’s Day Off

Cruel Intentions

She’s All That

Pretty in Pink

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Motability is a United Kingdom scheme which enables disabled people to obtain a car, powered wheelchair or scooter by using their Government-funded mobility allowances.

The Motability Scheme, founded in 1977 by Lord Sterling of Plaistow and the late Lord Goodman, is a partnership between the charitable sector, Government, leading banks, motor and insurance industries. Since 1978 over two million cars, scooters and powered wheelchairs have been provided to help disabled people with their mobility needs.

HM The Queen has been the Chief Patron of Motability since its foundation.

Contents

1 History and beginnings

2 How the scheme works

3 Contract Hire Option

4 Hire Purchase Option

5 Market Penetration

6 Structure of the Scheme

7 External links

8 References

//


History and beginnings

By the mid 1970s almost every household in the country owned a car but disabled people were missing out. Only those who could drive themselves received any government help with transport, usually in the form of a small, blue trike which was unable to take passengers.

The Mobility Allowance (now called the mobility component of Disability Living Allowance), introduced by the Government in 1976, broke the mould in giving help regardless of ability to drive. It also signalled the Government’s commitment to giving disabled people choice in the form of a cash allowance, rather than imposing certain types of vehicles on them.

The Mobility Allowance was a positive advance but it soon became clear that it was not enough to buy and run even the smallest car. So, the then Secretary of State for Health and Social Services invited the late Lord Goodman and (now lord) Jeffrey Sterling to consider how disabled people could use this allowance to affordably obtain a vehicle.

Thus Motability was born in 1977 and, often for the first time, disabled people could afford a good quality car , from any participating manufacturer, fully insured, serviced and with breakdown assistance. Motability was set up as a charity so it could also raise funds and make grants, in order to provide customers with a complete mobility package even if their allowance would not cover the type of car and adaptations that they needed.

Motability opened up new horizons things that were once hard to accomplish became easier for many more disabled people such as shopping, doing voluntary work, visiting friends, getting to the doctor, going swimming, giving a family member a lift or enjoying a driving holiday. For some, enhanced opportunities for further education and profitable full-time employment also became a reality for the first time.

On 25 July 1978 ten young people attended the first Motability Scheme vehicle handover at Earls Court in London and received the keys to their new vehicles from then Chairman Lord Goodman. Julie Newport, disabled by polio, was one of the ten to receive her keys and commented: “I think it’s marvellous,” saying the Scheme gave disabled people the freedom and independence they really wanted. Also present were Rt Hon Lord Morris, Rt Hon Lord Jenkin, Allan Beard and Lord Sterling, the present Chairman of Motability.

In 2003, Motability celebrated its 25th anniversary with a garden at the Chelsea Flower Show. The garden included a Motability car, an adapted Renault Clio, to symbolise disabled people gaining access to the remotest parts of the countryside.

In October 2006, the Scheme hit the two million vehicles mark and Lord Sterling commented: “Family life revolves around the disabled person so if you make someone mobile you don’t help two million, it’s more like six to eight million.”

The late Lord Goodman described the establishment of Motability in 1977 as “the most successful achievement of my career and the most fortunate thought that ever came into my head”.

How the scheme works

Disability Living Allowance (DLA) is not means tested. It is a benefit designed to help towards the additional living costs incurred by people with disabilities and is broken into two components, Mobility and Care. Each component is valued at different rates; lower, middle and higher.

The Scheme is open to anyone who receives either the Higher Rate Mobility Component of Disability Living Allowance or the War Pensioners’ Mobility Supplement. Those wishing to take the Contract Hire option must have at least 12 months’ award length remaining when they apply. Those wishing to take the Hire Purchase option must have an award length of at least the length of the contract. The Care Component of DLA cannot be used to fund a vehicle through the scheme.

Contract Hire Option

The most popular option, chosen by over 95% of customers, is the contract hire of a new car, which offers worry free motoring at affordable prices. Customers choose a new car every three or five years with insurance, road tax,…(and so on)

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A valve RF amplifier (UK and Aus.) or tube amplifier (U.S.), is a device for electrically amplifying the power of an electrical signal, typically (but not exclusively) radio frequency signals.

Low to medium power valve amplifiers for frequencies below the microwaves were largely replaced by solid state amplifiers during the 1960s and 1970s, initially for receivers and low power stages of transmitters, transmitter output stages switching to transistors somewhat later. Specially constructed valves are still in use for very high power transmitters, although rarely in new designs.

Contents

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1.1 Circuit advantages of valves

1.2 Disadvantages of valves

1.3 Distortion

2 Applications

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2.2 Modern narrow band RF / tuned amplifiers

3 Radio circuits

3.1 Transmitter baseband anode circuits

3.2 Active (or tuned grid) amplifier

3.2.1 Operation

3.3 Passive grid amplifier

3.3.1 Advantages

3.3.2 Disadvantages

3.4 Grounded grid amplifier

3.4.1 Advantages

3.4.2 Disadvantages

3.5 Neutralization

3.6 Class C amplifiers

3.7 UHF

3.8 Tube noise and noise figure

4 Decline

5 Footnotes

6 References

7 External links

//


Valve characteristics

Valves are high voltage/low current devices in comparison with transistors (and especially MOSFETs) and their transfer characteristics show very flat anode current vs. anode voltage indicating high anode output impedances.

The high working voltage makes them well suited for radio transmitters, for example, and valves remain in use today for very high power radio transmitters, where there is still no other technology available. However, for most applications requiring an appreciable output current, a matching transformer is required. The transformer is a critical component and heavily influences the performance (and cost) of the amplifier.

Many power valves have good open-loop linearity, but only modest gain or transconductance. As a result, valve amplifiers usually need only modest levels of feedback. Signal amplifiers using tubes are capable of very high frequency response ranges - up to radio frequency. Indeed, many of the Directly Heated Single Ended Triode (DH-SET) audio amplifiers are in fact radio transmitting tubes designed to operate in the megahertz range. In practice, however, tube amplifier designs typically “couple” stages either capacitively, limiting bandwidth at the low end, or inductively with transformers, limiting the bandwidth at high end.

Circuit advantages of valves

very linear (especially triodes) making it viable to use them in low distortion linear circuits with little or no negative feedback[citation needed]

extremely high input impedance (cf bipolar transistors but a characteristic shared by FETs)

Valves are high voltage devices and thus inherently suitable for very high voltage circuits.

Valves can be constructed on a scale that can dissipate large amounts of heat (some extreme devices even being water cooled). For this reason valves remained the only viable technology for very high power, and especially high power/high voltage applications such as Radio & TV transmitters long into the age when transistors had displaced valves in most other applications. However today these also are increasingly obsolete

Electrically very robust, they can tolerate overloads which would destroy bipolar transistor systems in milliseconds (of particular significance in military and other “strategically important” systems).

Disadvantages of valves

Cost

Heater supplies are required for the cathodes

Dangerously high voltages are required for the anodes

High impedance / low current output unsuitable for direct drive of many real world loads, notably various form of electric motor

Valves may have a shorter working life than solid state parts due to various failure mechanisms (cathode poisoning, breakages (ie open circuit) or shorts internally, notably of the heater or grid structures, or in the case of glass valves, physical breakage, although this should not be overstated: many valve types typically have operation lives of the tens of thousands of hours and an indefinite shelf life (many 60 year old tubes are still in regular use), and in worst case a failed tube can simply be unplugged and replaced by a user, cf a failed transistor which normally destroys the entire product beyond economic repair

Compared to transistors, valves have the disadvantage of being available in a single polarity only. In most processes transistors are available in complementary polarities (e.g., NPN/PNP), making possible many circuit configurations that cannot be realized with valves.

Distortion

Historic radio techniques were…(and so on)

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Five major steps in ancient Chinese papermaking, outlined by Cai Lun in 105 CE.

The history of paper began with the papermaking process, which was first developed in China during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE 220 CE).

Contents

1 Papyrus and Parchment

2 Papermaking

2.1 Early papermaking in China

3 Diffusion of paper

3.1 Islamic contribution to Papermaking

3.2 The Americas

3.3 European papermaking

4 19th century advances in papermaking

5 See also

6 References

//


Papyrus and Parchment

The word paper derives from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called Egyptian writing material called papyrus, which was formed from beaten strips of papyrus plants. It was smoothed on one side by rubbing it against a flat stone surface. Papyrus was produced as early as 3500 BCE in Egypt, and sold to ancient Greece and Rome. The establishment of the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE put a drain on the supply of papyrus. As a result, according to the Roman historian Pliny the Elder (Natural History records, xiii.21), parchment was invented under the patronage of Eumenes of Pergamum to build his rival library at Pergamum. Outside Egypt, parchment or vellum, made of processed sheepskin or calfskin, replaced papyrus, as the papyrus plant requires subtropical conditions to grow. These materials are technically not true paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants and cellulose. As paper was introduced, it replaced parchment.

Papermaking



Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BCE



The world’s earliest known printed book (using woodblock printing), the Diamond Sutra of 868 CE, shows the widespread availability and practicality of paper in China.

Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about 105 CE, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 CE), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.

Early papermaking in China

Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty

Papermaking is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, since the first papermaking process was developed in China during the early 2nd century. During the Shang (1600 1050 BCE) and Zhou (1050 BCE 256 BCE) dynasties of ancient China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy and awkward to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider. While the Han Dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun is widely regarded to have invented the modern method of papermaking (inspired from wasps and bees) from rags and other plant fibers in 105 CE, the discovery of specimens bearing written Chinese characters in 2006 at north-east China’s Gansu province suggest that paper was in use by the ancient Chinese military more than 100 years before Cai, in 8 BCE. Archeologically however, ground paper without writing has been excavated in China dating to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han from the 2nd century BCE, used for purposes of wrapping or padding protection for delicate bronze mirrors. It was also used for safety, such as the padding of poisonous ‘medicine’ as mentioned in the official history of the period. Although paper used for writing became widespread by the 3rd century, paper continued to be used for wrapping (and other) purposes.

Toilet paper was used in China by at least the 6th century CE. In 589 CE, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui (531-591 CE) once wrote: “Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes”. An Arab traveler to China once wrote of the curious Chinese tradition of toilet paper in CE 851, writing: “[The Chinese] are not careful about cleanliness, and they do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper”. Toilet paper continued to be a valued necessity in China, since it was during the Hongwu Emperor’s reign in 1393 that the Bureau of Imperial Supplies (Bao Chao Si) manufactured 720,000 sheets of toilet paper for the entire court (produced of the cheap ricetraw paper). For the emperor’s family alone, 15,000 special sheets of paper were made, in light yellow tint and even perfumed. Even at the beginning of the 14th century, during the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the amount of toilet paper manufactured for modern-day Zhejiang province alone amounted to ten million packages holding 1,000 to 10,000 sheets of toilet paper each.



The Bencao on traditional Chinese medicine; printed with woodblock in 1249, Song Dynasty

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Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu started when bronzes dating from the 9th century AD were discovered.

Contents

1 History

1.1 Reaction

1.2 Creation

2 References

//


History



Diagram of Igbo-Ukwu artifacts (’Igbo Richard’). A schematic plan of the relative position of objects on or near the floor of the burial chamber.

Alice Apley says:” It is possible that the inhabitants of Igbo-Ukwu had a metalworking art that flourished as early as the ninth century (though this date remains controversial). Three sites have been excavated, revealing hundreds of ritual vessels and regalia castings of bronze or leaded bronze that are among the most inventive and technically accomplished bronzes ever made. The people of Igbo-Ukwu, ancestors of present-day Igbo, were the earliest smithers of copper and its alloys in West Africa, working the metal through hammering, bending, twisting, and incising. They are likely among the earliest groups of West Africans to employ the lost-wax casting techniques in the production of bronze sculptures. Oddly, evidence suggests that their metalworking repertory was limited and Igbo smiths were not familiar with techniques such as raising, soldering, riveting, and wire making, though these techniques were used elsewhere on the continent.

Regardless, the talent of these casters was truly astonishing. Many of the castings were made in stages. For instance, in one bronze bowl set on a flat stand found at Igbo-Ukwu, small decorative items including insects and spirals were cast first and placed in the wax model before the main parts of the bowl were made. The vessel itself was then cast in two parts and fitted together by casting a middle band. In addition to a variety of ritual vessels (whose designs appear to reproduce the form of gourd vessels to which metal handles have been attached), many other bronze items have been found at Igbo-Ukwu, including pendants, crowns and breastplates, staff ornaments, swords, and fly-whisk handles.

These works were also found with tens of thousands of beads, attained through trade for slaves, ivory, or spices. Igbo-Ukwu bronzeworking was an isolated phenomenon at the time, but bronze casting developed several centuries later in other parts of Nigeria.”

Reaction

The high level of technical proficiency of artwork found at Igbo-Ukwu raised questions about its origins with some historians theorizing foreign influence or phantom voyagers. However from all indications the metal were mined from nearby areas and the use of scarification show local origin and cultural continuity with modern day Igbo culture.



Ornament with snakes.



Snail vessel with animal motif.

Creation



Bronze face, the only human cast found

The talent of these ancient casters was truly astonishing and based on the lost wax technique. Many of the castings were made in stages. For instance, in one bronze bowl set on a flat stand found at Igbo-Ukwu, small decorative items including insects and spirals were cast first and placed in the wax model before the main parts of the bowl were made. The vessel itself was then cast in two parts and fitted together by casting a middle band. In addition to a variety of ritual vessels (whose designs appear to reproduce the form of gourd vessels to which metal handles have been attached), many other bronze items have been found at Igbo-Ukwu, including pendants, crowns and breastplates, staff ornaments, swords, and fly-whisk handles. These works were also found with tens of thousands of glass beads, attained through trade.

The bronzes reveal not only a high artistic tradition and artworks that lacked known prototypes but also a well-structured society with wide-ranging economic relationships. Of particular interest is the source of the copper and lead used to make the bronzes, and of the coloured glass beads, which are apparently of Egyptian manufacture. It is believed that the bronzes were part of the furniture in the burial chamber of a high personage, possibly a forerunner of the eze nri, a priest-king, who held religious but not political power over large parts of the Igbo-inhabited region well into the 20th century.

References

^ a b c Apley, Alice. “Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th century)”. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.



v?d?e Igbo topics

History

Origin Igbo Ukwu Kingdom of Nri Atlantic slave trade Aro Confederacy Igbo Women’s War Nigerian-Biafran War Eastern Nigeria Nigeria

Subgroups

Aro Ikwerre Ikwo Ika Izzi Mgbo Ekpeye Ezza Anioma Ogba Ukwuani

Politics

List of rulers of Nri Biafra MASSOB Eastern Nigeria Nigeria

Geography

States: Abia state Anambra state Ebonyi state Enugu state Imo state Rivers state Delta stateCities: Onitsha Enugu Aba Igwe Ocha Owerri

Demographics

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(Redirected from Poplar)

“Poplar” redirects here. For other uses, see Poplar (disambiguation).

Populus

Foliage of Populus tremula

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

Division:

Magnoliophyta

Class:

Magnoliopsida

Order:

Malpighiales

Family:

Salicaceae

Genus:

PopulusL.

Populus is a genus of between 2535 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar, aspen, and cottonwood.

The genus has a large genetic diversity, and can grow from anywhere between 1550 m tall, with trunks of up to 2.5 m diameter.



Male catkins of Populus canadensis

The bark on young trees is smooth, white to greenish or dark grey, often with conspicuous lenticels; on old trees it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in the related willows) the terminal bud present. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole; in species in the sections Populus and Aegiros, the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a “twinkling” appearance in a breeze. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn.

The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves of the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, usually caducous. The male flowers are without calyx or corolla, and comprise a group of 460 stamens inserted on a disk; filaments short, pale yellow; anthers oblong, purple or red, introrse, two-celled; cells opening longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with 24 stigmas, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The fruit is a two to four-valved capsule, green to reddish-brown, mature in mid summer, containing numerous minute light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs which aid wind dispersal.

Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees.

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species - see List of Lepidoptera that feed on poplars.

Contents

1 Classification

2 Cultivation

3 Uses

3.1 Manufacturing

3.2 Energy

3.3 Art

3.4 Religion

3.4.1 Jesus’s Cross

3.5 Cleaning contaminated sites

4 References

//


Classification



A group of poplars in a field

The genus Populus has traditionally been divided into six sections on the basis of leaf and flower characters; this classification is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, though showing that the relationships are somewhat more complex, with some reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups; some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA (paternally inherited) and chloroplast DNA sequences (maternally inherited), a clear indication of likely hybrid origin. Hybridisation continues to be common in the genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known.



Populus nigra in autumn

Populus section Aegiros - black poplars or cottonwoods. North America, Europe, western Asia; temperate

Populus deltoides - Eastern Cottonwood. Eastern North America.

Populus fremontii - Fremont Cottonwood. Western North America.

Populus nigra - Black Poplar. Europe. Placed here by nuclear DNA; cpDNA places in sect. Populus.

Populus canadensis (P. nigra P. deltoides) - Hybrid Black Poplar

Populus section Populus - aspens and White Poplar. Circumpolar subarctic and cool temperate, and mountains farther south (White Poplar warm temperate)

Populus tremula - Common Aspen, Trembling Aspen or Eurasian Aspen. Europe, northern Asia. This is the type species of the genus.

Populus adenopoda - Chinese Aspen. Eastern Asia.

Populus alba - White…(and so on)

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Marketing

Key concepts

Product / Pricing / PromotionDistribution / Service / RetailBrand managementAccount-based marketingMarketing effectivenessMarket researchMarketing strategyMarketing managementMarket dominance

Promotional content

Advertising / BrandingDirect marketing / Personal SalesProduct placement / Public relationsPublicity / Sales promotionSex in advertising / Underwriting

Promotional media

Printing / Publication / BroadcastingOut-of-home / Internet marketingPoint of sale / Novelty itemsDigital marketing / In-gameWord of mouth

This box: view?talk?edit

According to the American Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence of varying social, environmental and retail definitions attached to this term. Other similar terms used are Environmental Marketing and Ecological Marketing.

The legal implications of marketing claims call for caution. Misleading or overstated claims can lead to regulatory or civil challenges. In the USA, the Federal Trade Commission provides some guidance on environmental marketing claims.

Contents

1 History

2 Greenhouse gas reduction market

3 Popularity and effectiveness

3.1 Ongoing debate

3.2 Confusion

3.3 Statistics

4 Green marketing cases

4.1 Philips Light’s “Marathon”

4.2 Car sharing services

4.3 Electronics Sector

4.4 Introduction of CNG in Delhi

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

//


History



A green market in the Lower East Side Green Market, New York City.

The term Green Marketing came into prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The American Marketing Association (AMA) held the first workshop on “Ecological Marketing” in 1975. The proceedings of this workshop resulted in one of the first books on green marketing entitled “Ecological Marketing”.

The first wave of Green Marketing occurred in the 1980s. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Reports started with the ice cream seller Ben & Jerry’s where the financial report was supplemented by a greater view on the company’s environmental impact. In 1987 a document prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as meeting he needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need, this became known as the Brundtland Report and was another step towards widespread thinking on sustainability in everyday activity. Two tangible milestones for wave 1 of green marketing came in the form of published books, both of which were called Green Marketing. They were by Ken Peattie (1992) in the United Kingdom and by Jacquelyn Ottman (1993) in the United States of America.[citation needed]

In the years after 2000 a second wave of Green marketing emerged. By now CSR and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) were widespread. Such publications as a 2005 United Nations Report, then in 2006 a book by Al Gore and the UK Stern Report brought scientific-environmental arguments to a wide public in an easy to understand way. This knowledge assessed the implications of moving to a low-carbon global economy and the potential of different approaches. This new wave of Green Marketing differed from the first wave in many respects. It is curious to note that Green Marketing Wave 1 followed an economic recession, whereas Green Marketing Wave 2 came before the global recession that come to be known as the redit Crunch. This difference may be significant in that it may suggest that Green Marketing is here to stay. The green marketing concept dictates, amongst other things, less use, recycling and avoiding waste, just some of the ways society reacts at times of recession. (see Bradley 2003 for 6 green marketing strategies).

According to Jacquelyn Ottman, (author of Green Marketing: Opportunity for Innovation) from an organizational standpoint, environmental considerations should be integrated into all aspects of marketing new product development and communications and all points in between. The holistic nature of green also suggests that besides suppliers and retailers new stakeholders be enlisted, including educators, members of the community, regulators, and NGOs. Environmental issues should be balanced with primary customer needs.[citation needed]



The green market at Union Square (14th street), New York City

The past decade has shown that harnessing consumer power to effect positive environmental change is far easier said than…(and so on)

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Sidewheeler ferry Martha’s Vineyard at Union Wharf in Vineyard Haven, MA in 1900.



Postcard image of Martha’s Vineyard at Gay Head Landing in Aquinnah, MA circa 1907-1917.



Steamer Martha’s Vineyard, from an 1890s souvenir booklet.

The Martha’s Vineyard was a sidewheel steamer operating as a ferry serving the island of Martha’s Vineyard during the second half of the nineteenth century.

It was built in 1871 in Brooklyn, NY. It was a 515-ton vessel, 185 feet long, with a 29′ beam.

A 1961 Vineyard Gazette article noted the beauty of the vessel: “The Martha’s Vineyard…had decorated paddleboxes that made large, rhythmic and beautiful half-circles on the sides.” as well as how exposed it was: ” The Martha’s Vineyard at first had no hurricane deck open to passengers, and eventually only a partial one.” The same article also adds a quotation from 1871:

“”The cabins, saloons, ante-rooms, etc., are comfortable and roomy, and finished in a handsome manner. The lower cabin, which extends from the stern to the after end of the engine, has locker seats on the sides, and the kitchen and stewards’ rooms are adjoining, on each side of the engine. There is a flight of stairs, black walnut, from the after part of the cabin to the ladies’ saloon, as well as a similar flight from the forward part. This saloon is nearly double the size of that of the Monohansett, and its ample space is handsomely carpeted and finished in a very tasteful manner. A flight of double circular stairs, of black walnut, aft of the engine, connects with the promenade saloon, which is 90 feet in length, extending from the stern to the forward gangway. The saloon is enclosed with broad handsome windows, opening on the guards and there is an open promenade deck fore and aft. A handsome carpet covers the floor of the saloon, and black walnut seats encompass the magnificent room. There is a handsome dome over the stairway with fancy glass windows. The painting and panel work of the saloon is particularly outstanding.”

From 1871 until 1886, the Martha’s Vineyard and the Monohansett were the only two ferries serving Martha’s Vineyard.

In March 1886 the Martha’s Vineyard became one of the initial four steamers operating for the newly organized New Bedford, Martha’s Vineyard, and Nantucket Steamboat Co. (The other three were River Queen, Island Home and the Monohansett.)

In 1922, a new ferry Martha’s Vineyard began service to the island. It operated until at least the 1940s.

In the 1993, a third steamship M/V Martha’s Vineyard, started its service to Martha’s Vineyard and Woods Hole. It was named after this 19th-century steamer.

Notes

^ a b Banks, Charles E., The History of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., Volume I. (Dukes County Historical Society, 1911)

^ a b http://www.mvgazette.com/commentary/gazette_chronicle/?document=19610600_steamboat_days (from June 1961 article)

^ Vineyard Gazette Online

^ Vineyard Gazette Online

^ The Steamship Authority, Serving the Islands of Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket

References

- reprint of an 1906 article in the Vineyard Gazette

- reprint of a 1940 article in the Vineyard Gazette

(from June 1961 article)

- Mystic Seaport - G. W. Blunt White Library - Ship & Yacht Register

Banks, Charles E., The History of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., Volume I. (Dukes County Historical Society, 1911)

The Steamship Authority

Categories: Paddle steamers | Ferries of Massachusetts | History of Massachusetts | Maritime history of the United States | Martha’s Vineyard | Ships built in New York(and so on)

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A 17th century Spanish galleon

Naval tactics in the Age of Sail were used from the early 1600s onward when sailing ships replaced oared galleys. These were used until the 1860s when steam-powered ironclad warships rendered sailing line of battle ships obsolete.

Contents

1 Sailing tactics

2 Line of battle

3 Importance of the weather gage

4 Development of tactics in the French Navy

5 Tactical stagnation in the mid-18th century

6 Developments during the American war of independence

6.1 Sir John Clerk of Eldin

7 Technical innovations in the late 18th Century

8 Developments during the French Revolutionary & Napoleonic Wars

9 Fighting at anchor

10 See also

11 Notes

12 Sources and references

//


Sailing tactics

Naval tactics in the Age of Sail were primarily determined by the sailing and fighting qualities of the sailing warships of the time. Three factors, in particular, constrained what a sailing admiral could order his fleet to do.

The first constraint was that, like all sailing vessels, sailing warships cannot sail directly into the wind. Most could sail not much closer than 70 degrees off the wind. This limited the maneuverability of a fleet during battles at close quarters. Holding the weather gage, i.e being upwind of one’s opponent, conferred considerable tactical advantage.

The second constraint was that the ships of the time carried their guns in two large batteries, one on each broadside, with only a few mounted to fire directly ahead or astern. The sailing warship was immensely powerful on its sides, but very weak on its bow and stern. The sides of the ship were built with strong timbers, but the stern, in particular, was fragile with a flimsy structure round the large windows of the officers cabins. The bows and, particularly, the sterns of the ship were vulnerable to raking fire. Raking another ship by firing the length of a ship from either the bow or stern caused tremendous damage, because a single shot would fly down the length of the decks, while the ship being raked could not return fire with her broadsides.

The third constraint was the difficulty of communicating at sea. Written communication was almost impossible in a moving fleet, while hailing was extremely difficult above the noise of wind and weather. So admirals were forced to rely on a pre-arranged set of signal flags hoisted aboard the admiral’s flagship. In the smoke of battle, these were often hard or impossible to see.

The 15th century saw the development of the man-of-war, a truly ocean-going warship, carrying square-rigged sails that permitted tacking into the wind, and heavily armed with cannon. The adoption of heavy guns necessitated their being mounted lower down than on top of the fore and after castles as previously where anti-personnel weapons had been positioned through the later Middle Ages, due to the possibility of capsizing. This meant that what had earlier been the hold of a ship that could be used either as a merchant ship or warship was now full with cannon and ammunition. Hence ships became specialised as warships, which would lead to a standing fleet instead of one based on placing temporary contracts. The man-of-war eventually rendered the galley obsolete except for operations close to shore in calm weather. With the development of the sailing man-of-war, and the beginning of the great sailing fleets capable of keeping the sea for long periods together, came the need for a new adaptation of old principles of naval tactics.

A ship which depended on the wind for its motive power could not hope to ram. A sailing vessel could not ram unless she were running before a good breeze. In a light wind her charge would be ineffective, and it could not be made at all from leeward. It could still board, and the Spanish did for long make it their main object to run their bow over an enemy sides, and invade her deck. In order to carry out this kind of attack they would naturally try to get to windward and then bear down before the wind in line abreast ship upon ship. But an opponent to leeward could always baffle this attack by edging away, and in the meantime fire with his broadside to cripple his opponent spars.

An important organizational innovation was made by Sir Francis Drake. Prior to his leadership, a warship was typically run by a committee of the sailing master, navigator, master-gunner and captain of marines presided over by an aristocrat. Drake saw no purpose in having a member of the aristocracy without specialist knowledge and established the principle that the captain of the ship would be in sole command, based upon his skill and experience rather than social position. This transformation was never quite made in the Spanish Navy where the “gentlemen” continued to obstruct operations throughout the Age of Sail. The Revolutionary French…(and so on)

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(Redirected from Niagara Regional Police Pipe Band)



Niagara Regional Police Service

Unity, Loyalty, Responsibility

Established:

January 1, 1971

Headquarters:

St. Catharines, ON

Divisions:

6

Chief of Police:

Wendy Southall

Sworn officers:

650

Civilian employees:

350

http://www.nrps.com/

The Niagara Regional Police Service (NRPS) provides policing services for the Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario, Canada.

NRPS was established on January 1, 1971 and is the oldest regional police service in Ontario. Its headquarters is located in St. Catharines.

Contents

1 Organization

2 Units

3 Fleet

4 Band

5 The Special Investigations Unit

6 External links

//


Organization

The NRPS provides all general policing duties in the region, including patrol of municipal/regional roads and waterways within the region, including the Welland Canal, the Niagara River and Lakes Ontario and Erie. Patrol of provincial highways in the region, such as the Queen Elizabeth Way, is handled by the Ontario Provincial Police, while patrol services on Niagara Parks Commission property is handled by the Niagara Parks Police. The NRPS is, however, mandated to investigate all major crimes in the region, including those that occur on provincial highways or on NPC property.

The Chief of Police is Wendy Southall, who was selected by the Niagara Regional Police Services Board and assumed command in January 2005. She was a thirty year police veteran and served with the Toronto Police Service and the Niagara Regional Police Services Board. Joe Matthews currently serves as Deputy Chief, replacing Gary Beaulieu following his retirement.

The Niagara Regional Police Service is divided into six districts:

1 District - 68 Church Street, St. Catharines

2 District - 4343 Morrison Street, Niagara Falls

3 District - 5 Lincoln Street West, Welland

5 District - 1200 Thompson Road, Fort Erie

6 District - 501 Fielden Avenue, Port Colborne

8 District - 25 Bartlett Avenue, Grimsby

Administrative offices are located at 110 James Street in downtown St. Catharines. Auxiliary and support services are located on Cushman Road in St. Catharines.

Units

Niagara Regional Police is broken down into units of specific responsibility. Some of these units include:

Arson Unit

Auxiliary Police

Canine Unit

Child Abuse Unit

Community Services Unit

Court Services Unit

Detective Office

Emergency Task Unit (ETU)

Explosives Disposal Unit

Forensic Services Unit

“Guns, Gangs and Grows” Unit

Major Crime Unit

Marine Unit

Morality Unit

Polygraph Unit

Sexual Assault Unit

Street Crime Unit

Traffic Unit

Underwater Search and Recovery

Uniform Patrol Officers

Victim Services / Youth Crime

Fleet

A partial list of the Niagara Regional Police’s fleet consists of the following:

Make

Origin

In service

Notes

Dodge Charger

Canada

2006-Present

Photo

Dodge Magnum

Canada

2006-Present

Photo

Ford Taurus

United States

2002-Present

Photo

Chevrolet Impala

Canada

2002-Present

Photo

Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor

Canada

1998-Present

Photo

Ford Freestar RIDE vehicle

Canada

2005-Present

Photo

Chrysler PT Cruiser community/education vehicle

Mexico

2003-2005

Photo

Chevrolet Tahoe

United States

Photo

Ford F350

United States

Photo

Ford Expedition

United States

Photo

Ford Explorer

United States

Photo

Jeep Cherokee

United States

Photo

Dodge Polara

United States

1970s

Retired, Photo

Chevrolet Caprice

Canada

1970s-1998

Retired

This section requires expansion.

In August 2007, thanks to recently-introduced changes to the Ontario Highway Traffic Act, the Niagara Regional Police began replacing red strobe lights on many vehicles with new blue and red LED lights. Some vehicles with older-style light bars are having reflectors and housing covers replaced to allow for blue lights.

Band

Niagara Regional Police Pipe Band



Location

Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada

Grade

2

Pipe Major

Dave Goodall

Drum Sergeant

Graham Kirkwood

Tartan

Niagara Region

Notable Honours

2nd place, 2001 World Pipe Band Championships

Website

www.nrppb.ca

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The band’s Pipe Major is Dave…(and so on)

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